Techniques for forming contacts to quantum well transistors

ABSTRACT

Techniques are disclosed for providing a low resistance self-aligned contacts to devices formed in a semiconductor heterostructure. The techniques can be used, for example, for forming contacts to the gate, source and drain regions of a quantum well transistor fabricated in III-V and SiGe/Ge material systems. Unlike conventional contact process flows which result in a relatively large space between the source/drain contacts to gate, the resulting source and drain contacts provided by the techniques described herein are self-aligned, in that each contact is aligned to the gate electrode and isolated therefrom via spacer material.

BACKGROUND

Quantum well transistor devices formed in epitaxially grownsemiconductor heterostructures, typically in III-V orsilicon-germanium/germanium (SiGe/Ge) material systems, offerexceptionally high carrier mobility in the transistor channel due to loweffective mass along with reduced impurity scattering due to deltadoping. In addition, these devices provide exceptionally high drivecurrent performance. Although, such devices can display high channelmobilities, forming source/drain contacts with low access resistance tothe channel is quite difficult, especially in SiGe/Ge and III-V materialsystems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example quantum well growth structure for whichlow resistance self-aligned contacts can be formed, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates deposition and patterning of a hardmask on thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 1, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates formation of an isolated mesa in the quantum wellgrowth structure of FIG. 2, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates deposition of source/drain metal on the mesa of thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 3, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates deposition and patterning of a hardmask on thesource/drain metal of the quantum well growth structure of FIG. 4, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates formation of a gate trench in the quantum well growthstructure of FIG. 5, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 illustrates formation of a spacer in the gate trench of thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 6, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates deposition of a gate metal in the gate trench of thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 7, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a method for forming low resistance self-alignedcontacts for a quantum well structure, in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Techniques are disclosed for providing a low resistance self-alignedcontacts to devices formed in a semiconductor heterostructure. Thetechniques can be used, for example, for forming contacts to the sourceand drain regions of a quantum well transistor fabricated in III-V andSiGe/Ge material systems. Unlike conventional contact process flowswhich result in a relatively large open space between the contact andgate, the resulting source and drain contacts provided by the techniquesdescribed herein are self-aligned, in that each contact is aligned tothe gate electrode.

General Overview

As previously stated, forming source/drain contacts with low accessresistance to the channel of quantum well transistor devices is quitedifficult and involves a number of non-trivial issues.

In short, conventional self-aligned contact schemes used in thesemiconductor industry work poorly in III-V and SiGe/Ge quantum welldevices. For instance, implanted source/drain regions form poor contactsto low carrier activation, and regrown source/drain schemes also sufferfrom low activation and junction quality. Quantum well devices typicallyuse a doped capping layer to help improve this contact resistance.However, conventional contact flows using this cap layer are notself-aligned. Hence, there is a large degradation to layout density.Moreover, lower mobility devices, such as p-channel metal oxidesemiconductor (PMOS) indium antimonide (InSb) or Ge quantum welldevices, still have sufficient resistivity in the capping layers tocause significant degradation of the source/drain resistance (sometimescalled the external resistance, or Rext, which generally refers to thesum of all of the resistance values in the device less the channelresistance).

Techniques provided herein can be used to form a low resistanceself-aligned contact to quantum well device, including those implementedwith III-V and SiGe/Ge material systems. The quantum well structureitself can be fabricated using any number of conventional or customprocess flows, and may be configured as needed to suit the particularsof a given application. For instance, the quantum well structure can bea conventional indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) N-type quantum wellstructure with an n+ doped capping layer. Alternatively, the quantumwell structure can be a conventional indium antimonide (InSb) P-typequantum well structure. Numerous other suitable quantum well structuretypes and configurations will be apparent in light of this disclosure,and the claimed invention is not intended to be limited to anyparticular one or set.

Thus, given a desired quantum well structure, the gate and source/drainelectrodes can then be formed in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. So, in accordance with one example embodiment,self-aligned contact formation may generally include the growth of theunderlying quantum well structure (or any portion thereof), prior toformation of the gate and source/drain electrodes. An alternativeembodiment assumes the quantum well structure is pre-formed.

In any case, once the pre-electrode formation quantum well structure isprovided, this example embodiment of the method includes performing mesaisolation, where an active area of the structure is masked and theunmasked material is etched away, thereby effectively forming a mesa. Adielectric material such as silicon dioxide (SiO₂) is then depositedinto the etched areas around the mesa to provide electrical isolation.The example method further includes deposition and patterning ofsource/drain metal over the active transistor device, so as to form adiffusion layer. The source/drain metal can be, for example, nickel (Ni)or other typical contact metal, but in other cases such as those wherevoids in the contact diffusion layer are less tolerated, thesource/drain metal can be, for example, titanium (Ti) or otherrefractory metal. The example method further includes patterning andetching to form the trench for the gate electrode. In general, the etchcan involve wet and/or dry etches and can be targeted to stop near thequantum well interface. A spacer material, such as oxide or nitride, isthen deposited along the gate trench wall/walls (generally referred toherein as gate trench sides, whether comprising a number of distinctsides in a polygonal-shaped trench or one continuous side in acircular-shaped trench), and etched to desired shape and thickness. Inone example embodiment, an optional high-k gate dielectric can also bedeposited to at the gate trench base of the gate trench to providedfurther isolation. Once the spacer and optional high-k dielectric areformed, the gate electrode metal such as nickel, aluminum (Al),titanium, or titanium nickel (TiN), can be deposited. The resultingformation includes low resistance source and drain contacts that areself-aligned to the transistor gate electrode, wherein the only spacebetween the source/drain contacts and the gate electrode is occupied bythe spacer material on the gate trench sides, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

Note that the method may include other processing such as planarization,cleaning, and other such typical functionality not mentioned forpurposes of brevity. Numerous process variations that employ blanketmetallization and a gate trench spacer to facilitate self-alignment oflow resistance drain and source contacts will be apparent in light ofthis disclosure. As will further be appreciated, the method cansignificantly improve external parasitic resistance and layout density,as well as process yields.

Quantum Well Structure

FIG. 1 illustrates an example quantum well growth structure for whichlow resistance self-aligned contacts can be formed, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The quantum well growthstructure can be, for example, a conventional InGaAs n-type quantum wellstructure with an n+ doped capping layer. As previously explained,however, note that low resistance self-aligned contacts formed inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention can beimplemented with any number quantum well growth structures, such asn-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) or PMOS devices, as will beapparent in light of this disclosure. The claimed invention is notintended to be limited to any particular quantum well growthconfiguration.

As can be seen from the cross-section view of FIG. 1, the quantum wellgrowth structure includes a substrate, upon which nucleation, buffer,and graded buffer layers are formed. The structure further includes abottom barrier layer upon which a quantum well layer is formed, uponwhich a spacer layer is formed, upon which a doped layer is provided,upon which an upper barrier layer is provided. An etch stop layer isprovided on the upper barrier layer, upon which the contact layer isprovided. Each of these example layers will be discussed in turn. Otherembodiments may include fewer layers (e.g., fewer buffer layers and/orno etch stop) or more layers (e.g., additional spacer and/or dopedlayers below quantum well layer, and/or capping layer on top of barrierlayer to prevent oxidation) or different layers (e.g., formed withdifferent semiconductor materials, formulations, and/or dopants). Thelayers may be implemented with any suitable layer thicknesses and otherdesired layer parameters, using established semiconductor processes(e.g., metal organic chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy,photolithography, or other such suitable processes), and may be graded(e.g., in linear or step fashion) to improve lattice constant matchbetween neighboring layers of otherwise lattice diverse materials. Ingeneral, the specific layers and dimensions of the structure will dependon factors such as the desired device performance, fab capability, andsemiconductor materials used. Specific layer materials andcharacteristics are provided for example only, and are not intended tolimit the claimed invention, which may be used with any number of layermaterials and characteristics.

The substrate may be implemented as typically done, and any number ofsuitable substrate types and materials can be used here (e.g., p-type,n-type, neutral-type, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon germanium, highor low resistivity, off-cut or not off-cut, silicon-on-insulator, etc).In one example embodiment, the substrate is a high resistivity n orp-type off-oriented silicon substrate. The substrate may have a vicinalsurface that is prepared by off-cutting the substrate from an ingot,wherein substrate is off-cut at an angle between, for instance, 2° and8° (e.g., 4° off-cut silicon). Such an off-cut substrate can be used toprovide for device isolation and may also reduce anti-phase domains inanti-phase boundaries. Note, however, the substrate need not have suchspecific features in other embodiments, and that quantum well growthstructure can be implemented on numerous substrates.

The nucleation and bottom buffer layers are formed on the substrate, andalso may be implemented as typically done. In one specific exampleembodiment, the nucleation and bottom buffer layers are made of galliumarsenide (GaAs) and have an overall thickness of about 0.5 to 2.0 μm(e.g., nucleation layer of about 25 nm to 50 nm thick and the bottombuffer layer is about 0.3 μm to 1 μm thick). As is known, the nucleationand bottom buffer layers can be used to fill the lowest substrateterraces with atomic bi-layers of, for example, III-V materials such asGaAs material. The nucleation layer can by used to create an anti-phasedomain-free virtual polar substrate, and the bottom buffer layer may beused to provide dislocation filtering buffer that can providecompressive strain for a quantum well structure and/or control of thelattice mismatch between the substrate and the bottom barrier layer.Note that other quantum well structures that can benefit from anembodiment of the present invention may be implemented without thenucleation and/or bottom buffer layers.

The graded buffer layer is formed on the bottom buffer layer, and canalso be implemented as conventionally done. In one specific exampleembodiment, the graded buffer layer is implemented with indium aluminumarsenide (In_(x)Al_(1-x)As) where x ranges from zero to 0.52, and has athickness of about 0.7 to 1.1 μm. As is known, by forming the gradedbuffer layer, dislocations may glide along relatively diagonal planestherewithin so as to effectively control the lattice mismatch betweenthe substrate and the bottom barrier layer. Note, however, that otherembodiments may be implemented without a graded buffer, particularlythose embodiments having a substrate and lower barrier layer that areimplemented with materials having similar lattice constants (e.g., highindium content substrate such as indium phosphide and InAlAs barrierlayer). As will be apparent, such graded layers can be used in otherlocations the quantum well structure or stack.

The bottom barrier layer is formed on the graded buffer layer in thisexample embodiment, and can also be implemented as conventionally done.In one specific example embodiment, the bottom barrier layer isimplemented with indium aluminum arsenide (e.g., In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As,or other suitable barrier layer formulation), and has a thickness in therange of 4 nm and 120 nm (e.g., 100 nm, +/−20 nm). Generally, the bottombarrier layer is formed of a material having a higher band gap than thatof the material forming the overlying quantum well layer, and is ofsufficient thickness to provide a potential barrier to charge carriersin the transistor channel. As will be appreciated, the actual make upand thickness of the bottom barrier layer will depend on factors such asthe substrate and quantum well layer materials. Numerous such barriermaterials and configurations can be used here, as will be appreciated inlight of this disclosure.

The quantum well layer can also be implemented as conventionally done.In one specific example embodiment, the quantum well layer isimplemented with indium gallium arsenide channel (In_(0.7)Ga_(0.3)As)formed on an aluminum arsenide (AlAs) channel, which is formed on an n++—In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As channel formed on the bottom barrier layer, thechannels having respective thicknesses of about 13 nm, 3 nm, and 100 nm(e.g., +/−20%). Numerous other quantum well layer configurations can beused here, as will be appreciated. In general, the quantum well isformed with a material having a smaller band gap than that of the lowerbarrier layer, can be doped or undoped, and is of a sufficient thicknessto provide adequate channel conductance for a given application such asa transistor for a memory cell or a logic circuit. Further note that anynumber of channel configurations can be used, depending the desiredperformance. The quantum well layer may be strained by the bottombarrier layer, the upper barrier layer, or both.

The spacer layer is formed on the quantum well layer, and can also beimplemented as conventionally done. In one specific example embodiment,the spacer layer is implemented with InAlAs (e.g.,In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As), and has a thickness in the range of 0.2 nm to 10nm (e.g., 5 nm). In general, the spacer layer can be configured toprovide compressive strain to the quantum well layer as it acts as asemiconductive channel. Note that other quantum well structures that canbenefit from an embodiment of the present invention may be implementedwithout the spacer layer.

The doping layer is formed on the spacer layer in this example quantumwell growth structure, and can also be implemented as conventionallydone. In general, the lower barrier and/or upper barrier layers can bedoped (by a corresponding doping layer) to supply carriers to thequantum well layer. In the example embodiment of FIG. 1, the upperbarrier layer includes or is otherwise associated with a doped layer,and supplies carriers where the quantum well is undoped. The dopinglayer can be, for example, delta doped (or modulation doped). For ann-type device utilizing an InAlAs upper barrier, the doping may beimplemented, for example, using silicon and/or tellurium impurities, andfor a p-type device the doping layer may be implemented, for example,using beryllium and/or carbon. The thickness of the doping layer willdepend on factors such as the type of doping and the materials used. Forinstance, in one example embodiment the doping layer is delta dopedsilicon and has a thickness between about 3 Å to 5 Å. In anotherembodiment, the doping layer is modulation doped and has a thicknessbetween about 5 Å to 50 Å. The doping can be selected, for instance,based upon the sheet carrier concentration that is useful in the channelof the quantum well layer. An example concentration is 6×10¹² cm⁻² for asilicon doping layer, when doping inside the channel of the quantum well120 is 3.5×10¹² cm⁻². As will be appreciated in light of thisdisclosure, an embodiment of the present invention may be implementedwith quantum well structures having any type of doping layer or layers.

The upper barrier layer is formed on the doping layer in this examplequantum well growth structure, and can also be implemented asconventionally done. In one specific example embodiment, the upperbarrier layer is implemented with InAlAs (e.g., In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As),and has a thickness of between 4 nm and 12 nm (e.g., 8 nm). The upperbarrier layer may be a Schottky barrier layer for low voltage gatecontrol, depending on the type of device being fabricated. In general,the upper barrier layer material has a larger band gap than that of thequantum well layer, thereby confining a majority of charge carrierswithin the quantum well layer for reduced device leakage. Note that theupper barrier layer may be formed of the same or different materials asthe lower barrier layer. In some embodiments, the upper barrier layercan be implemented as a composite structure that includes the spacer,doping, and upper barrier layers. In addition, although this exampleembodiment associates the upper barrier with a doping layer, otherembodiments may also (or alternatively) associate a doping layer withthe lower barrier layer to supply carriers to the quantum well layer. Insuch cases, the doping layer associated with the bottom barrier layercan be implemented in a similar fashion to the doping layer associatedwith the upper barrier layer, and may also be implemented as a compositestructure including spacer, doping, and lower barrier layers.

After formation of the device stack, which generally includes thesubstrate through the upper barrier layer as previously described, anetch stop layer can be formed over the upper barrier layer. In onespecific example embodiment, the etch stop layer is implemented withindium phosphide (InP), and has a thickness in the range of 2 to 10 nm(e.g., 6 nm). As will be appreciated, other etch-stop structurematerials may be used that may integrate with a given specificapplication rule.

The device stack is further processed by forming a contact layer abovethe etch stop layer. The contact layer generally allows for source anddrain contact structures, and may be configured as n+ or n++ doped (forNMOS devices) or p+ or p++ (for PMOS devices). In one specific exampleembodiment, the contact layer is implemented as n++—In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As, and has a thickness in the range of 10 nm and 30nm (e.g., 20 nm). In some cases, the contact layer may be doped bygrading, starting for example with silicon doped withIn_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As, and proceeding from In_(x)Ga_(1-x)As from x=0.53to 1.0 such that grading terminates with InAs. Again, the particularcontact layer configuration provided will depend on a number of factorssuch as the semiconductor material system employed as well as the devicetype and desired device functionality.

Self-Aligned Contact Structure

FIGS. 2 through 8 illustrate with cross-sectional views the formation ofa self-aligned contact structure in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. As will be appreciated, the contacts (e.g., source,drain, and gate) can be formed on the device stack shown in FIG. 1, orany number of other quantum well growth structures. Note thatintermediate processing, such as planarization (e.g., chemicalmechanical polishing, or CMP) and subsequent cleaning processes, may beincluded throughout the formation process, even though such processingmay not be expressly discussed.

FIG. 2 illustrates deposition and patterning of a hardmask on the stackof FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.This can be carried out using standard photolithography, includingdeposition of hardmask material (e.g., such as silicon dioxide, siliconnitride, and/or other suitable hardmask materials), patterning resist ona portion of the hardmask that will remain temporarily to protect anactive region of the device during contact formation, etching to removethe unmasked (no resist) portions of the hardmask (e.g., using a dryetch, or other suitable hardmask removal process), and then strippingthe patterned resist. In the example embodiment shown in FIG. 2, theresulting hardmask is central to the device stack and formed in onelocation, but in other embodiments, the hardmask may be offset to oneside of the stack and/or located in multiple places on the stack,depending on the particular active device.

FIG. 3 illustrates formation of an isolated mesa of the quantum wellgrowth structure of FIG. 2, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention. This can also be carried out using standardphotolithography, including etching to remove portions of the stack thatare unprotected by the hardmask (e.g., dry etch), and deposition of adielectric material (e.g., such as SiO₂, or other suitable dielectricmaterials such as carbon doped oxide, silicon nitride, organic polymerssuch as perfluorocyclobutane or polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorosilicateglass, and organosilicates such as silsesquioxane, siloxane, ororganosilicate glass). The depth of the etch may vary, but in someexample embodiments is in the range of 1000 Å to 5000 Å below the topsurface of the stack and below the channel (thereby effectively alsosetting the thickness of the deposited dielectric material). In general,the etch should be to a sufficient depth that allows the quantum wellchannel to be electrically isolated (e.g., from neighboring componentryor other potential interference sources). After formation of theisolated mesa and deposition of dielectric material, the hardmask can beremoved (e.g., dry or wet etch), and the mesa surface and depositeddielectric materials can be polished/planarized (e.g., using CMP). Notethat this mesa isolation can be combined with a shallow trench isolation(STI) oxide formation step such as commonly used in a conventionalsilicon process, if applicable and so desired. Further note that if amesa etch only flow is used, the mesa etch step can also be done laterin the flow or even at the end of the flow.

FIG. 4 illustrates deposition of source/drain metal on the mesa of thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 3, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. This can be carried out usingstandard metal deposition processes, such as electron beam evaporationor reactive sputtering. The source/drain metal can be, for example,nickel, gold, platinum, aluminum, titanium, palladium, titanium nickel,or other suitable contact metal or alloy. The deposition can be masked,etched, polished, etc to provide the desired metallization layer fromwhich the device source/drain contacts can be made.

In one example specific embodiment, assume the contact layer comprisesgermanium (Ge). In one such case, the source/drain metal may be thinlydeposited nickel (e.g., in the range of 15 Å to 100 Å thick, such asabout 25 Å). Such a NiGe contact may be suitable for large devices wherediffusion voiding may not impede functioning of the device. However, forsmaller devices, such a NiGe contact may be susceptible to problemsassociated with voids in the diffusion due to Ge out-diffusion duringthe alloying process. In such cases, and in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention, the deposited source/drain metalcan be titanium (Ti) thereby providing a TiGe contact alloy formed on aGe diffusion. In short, using Ti and/or other refractory metals for thesource/drain metal on a Ge diffusion is helpful in eliminating orotherwise reducing voiding in the Ge diffusion and unwanted germanideformation outside transistor diffusion areas.

FIG. 5 illustrates deposition and patterning of a hardmask on thesource/drain metal of quantum well growth structure of FIG. 4, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. This hardmaskis generally used to protect the metal contacts when the gate trench isetched. The deposition and patterning of a hardmask can be carried outusing standard photolithography, including deposition of hardmaskmaterial (e.g., such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and/or othersuitable hardmask materials), patterning resist on a portion of thehardmask that will remain temporarily to protect the contacts of thedevice during gate etching, etching to remove the unmasked (no resist)portions of the hardmask (e.g., using a dry etch, or other suitablehardmask removal process), and then stripping the patterned resist. Inthe example embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the gate trench location iscentral to the device stack and formed in one location, but in otherembodiments, the hardmask may be offset to one side of the stack and/orlocated in multiple places on the stack (e.g., for dual deviceconfigurations).

FIG. 6 illustrates formation of a gate trench in the quantum well growthstructure of FIG. 5, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. This trench formation can be carried out, for example, usinga first dry etch to etch the metal in the gate region, and a second dryetch to etch into the quantum well structure. The depth of the seconddry etch can be targeted, for instance, to stop near the quantum wellinterface and may therefore stop, for instance, in the barrier layer,the doping layer, or the spacer layer. The depth of the gate trench maybe, for example, in the range of 50 Å to 500 Å below the top surface ofthe stack (somewhere above the channel). In general, the second etchshould be to a sufficient depth that allows for the desired deviceconduction. Once the gate trench is etched, the hardmask can then bestripped. Alternatively, the hardmask can be left in place until thegate metal has been deposited, if so desired.

FIG. 7 illustrates formation of a spacer in the gate trench of thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 6, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The spacer layer, which can be anoxide or nitride or other suitable spacer material, can be deposited andetched using standard deposition and etch processes, and may have athickness, for example, in the range of 20 Å to 200 Å (e.g., 100 Å). Ingeneral, the thickness of the spacer layer should be sufficient toelectrically isolate the gate electrode from the neighboring source anddrain contacts. Note that there is no open space between thesource/drain contacts and the gate electrode; rather, there is thespacer layer separating the gate electrode from the source/draincontacts, thereby allowing for self-alignment among the neighboringelements. In one particular embodiment, an optional high-k gatedielectric can also be deposited in the base of the gate trench, if sodesired, for further electrical insulation of the gate. The high-k gatedielectric can be, for instance, a film having a thickness in the rangeof 20 Å to 200 Å (e.g., 100 Å), and can be implemented, for instance,with hafnium oxide, alumina, tantalum pentaoxide, zirconium oxide,lanthanum aluminate, gadolinium scandate, hafnium silicon oxide,lanthanum oxide, lanthanum aluminum oxide, zirconium silicon oxide,tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, bariumtitanium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide,lead scandium tantalum oxide, lead zinc niobate, or other such materialshaving a dielectric constant greater than that of, for instance, silicondioxide. An example of this optional high-k dielectric is shown in FIGS.7 and 8.

FIG. 8 illustrates deposition of a gate metal in the gate trench of thequantum well growth structure of FIG. 7, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. As can be seen, the resulting gateelectrode and source/drain contacts are self-aligned, in that there isno open air space between them. Rather, the adjoining spacer layerprovides electrical isolation between the source/drain contacts and thegate electrode, but also provides for structural support during gateformation and self-alignment. The gate metal can be, for example,titanium, platinum, gold, aluminum, titanium nickel, palladium, or othersuitable gate metal or combination of such metals. In one specificexample embodiment, the gate electrode has a thickness from 50 Å to 500Å (e.g., 100 Å).

The resulting integrated circuit device as illustrated can be used as atransistor that may be installed in any of several microelectronicdevices, such as a central processing unit, memory array, on-chip cache,or logic gate. Likewise, numerous system level applications can employintegrated circuits as described herein.

Methodology

FIG. 9 illustrates a method for forming low resistance self-alignedcontacts for a quantum well structure, in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention. The quantum well structure can be configuredas desired, and generally includes a stack that may include a substrate,a quantum well layer between upper and lower barrier layers, and acontact layer.

The method includes forming 901 a mesa with the quantum well structure.The formation may include, for instance, patterning a hardmask on thecontact layer to protect an active area of the structure, etching awaythe unmasked areas, and then depositing a dielectric material, therebyisolating a mesa. The method may further include polishing and cleaningprocesses, to prepare the structure for subsequent processing, astypically done between processing segments.

The method continues with depositing 903 a blanket of source/drain metal(e.g., nickel, titanium, nickel titanium, or any suitable contact metal,or a refractory metal) on the mesa, for forming the drain and sourcecontacts. The depositing is done in a blanket fashion, in that the metallayer is a single continuous sheet, as opposed to a discrete andseparate metal layer for each contact. The method may further includepatterning the metallization and etching to further refine themetallization layer.

The method continues with patterning 905 a hardmask on the source/drainmetal for forming the gate trench between the source and drain contacts.The patterning may include, for instance, deposition of hardmaskmaterial, patterning resist on a portion of the hardmask that willremain temporarily to protect the source and drain contacts of thedevice during gate etching, etching to remove the unmasked (no resist)portions of the hardmask (e.g., using a dry etch, or other suitablehardmask removal process), and then stripping the patterned resist. Notethat etching the gate trench though the blanket metal layer effectivelydefines the source and drain contacts directly at respective sides ofthe gate trench, so that there is no open space between the source/draincontacts and the gate trench.

The method continues with etching 907 a gate trench into mesa, betweenthe source and drain contact. In one example case, and as previouslyexplained, the trench formation can be carried out using a first dryetch to etch the metal in the gate region, and a second dry etch to etchinto the quantum well structure. The depth of the second dry etch can beselected so as to allow for the desired device conduction. After thegate trench is etched, the method may further include stripping 909 thehardmask from the source/drain metal, which may be done later in theprocess if so desired.

The method continues with depositing 911 spacer layer on sides of thegate trench, and optionally etching to shape (e.g., to thickness in therange of 10 Å to 500 Å). The spacer material can be any suitabledielectric to isolate the neighboring gate electrode and source/draincontacts, which will be self-aligned with respect to each other. Notethat the gate trench may be circular or polygonal in nature, andreference to gate trench ‘sides’ is intended to refer to any suchconfigurations, and should not be interpreted to imply a particulargeometric shaped structure. For instance, ‘sides’ may refer to differentlocations on a circular-shaped trench or discrete sides of apolygonal-shaped trench or even different locations on one discrete sideof a polygonal-shaped trench. Further recall the method may optionallyinclude provisioning of a high-k gate dielectric layer in the base ofthe gate trench as well, for further electrical insulation of the gate,which may be formed before or after the spacer formation on the gatetrench sides. The method continues with depositing 913 gate metal intogate trench. The gate metal can be, for example, nickel, titanium,titanium nickel, palladium, gold, aluminum, or other suitable gate metalor alloy.

Thus, the contacts described herein can be formed with numeroussemiconductor heterostructures (such as III-V or SiGe/Ge systems). Theprocess flow allows for forming low resistance source and drain contactsthat are self-aligned to the transistor gate electrode, andsignificantly improves external parasitic resistance and layout density.The process flow may employ blanket metallization along with subsequentlithography and etching to pattern the metal into isolated source anddrain regions, as well as a trench patterned gate process carried outtowards the end of the process flow. The resulting gate electrode isself-aligned to the source/drain contacts and isolated via a spacerlayer. In contrast, conventional contacts are not self-aligned, as thereis significant space between the source/drain contacts and gateelectrode, which also leads to a layout density penalty. Further, Rextincreases as source/drain metal to gate spacing is increased.

Numerous embodiments and configurations will be apparent in light ofthis disclosure. For instance, one example embodiment of the presentinvention provides a method for forming self-aligned contacts for aquantum well structure. The method includes depositing a metal layer onthe quantum well structure, and etching a gate trench through the metallayer, thereby defining source and drain contacts directly at respectivesides of the gate trench. The method continues with depositing a spacerlayer on sides of the gate trench, and depositing gate metal into thegate trench to form a gate electrode. The method may include forming amesa with the quantum well structure. In one such case, forming a mesawith the quantum well structure includes patterning a hardmask on acontact layer of the quantum well structure to protect an active area,etching away unmasked areas of the quantum well structure, anddepositing a dielectric material into etched areas. In another suchcase, forming a mesa with the quantum well structure is performed priorto depositing a metal layer on the quantum well structure. In anothersuch case, forming a mesa with the quantum well structure is performedafter the gate electrode, source contact, and drain contact are formed.Depositing a metal layer on the quantum well structure may include, forexample, depositing a refractory metal. Depositing a metal layer on thequantum well structure may include, for instance, depositing titanium.Etching a gate trench through the metal layer may include, for example,a first dry etch to etch the metal layer, and a second dry etch to etchinto the quantum well structure. The method may include depositing ahigh-k gate dielectric in base of the gate trench.

Another example embodiment of the present invention provides anintegrated circuit device. The device includes a quantum well structurehaving a contact layer, and a metal layer deposited on the contactlayer. The device further includes a gate trench through the metallayer, thereby defining source and drain contacts directly at respectivesides of the gate trench. The device further includes a spacer layer onsides of the gate trench, and gate metal in the gate trench for a gateelectrode. In one particular case, at least one of the source contact,drain contact, and gate electrode comprise a refractory metal. Inanother particular case, at least one of the source contact, draincontact, and gate electrode comprise titanium. In another particularcase, the quantum well structure further includes a bottom barrierlayer, a quantum well layer, a spacer layer, a doping layer, and anupper barrier layer. In one such case, the gate trench stops in one ofthe upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer. Inanother such case, a high-k gate dielectric layer is provided betweenthe gate electrode and the quantum well structure. In one such case, thehigh-k gate dielectric layer is positioned directly between the gateelectrode and one of the upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or thespacer layer.

Another example embodiment of the present invention provides anintegrated circuit device. In this example, the device includes aquantum well structure having a bottom barrier layer, a quantum welllayer, a spacer layer, a doping layer, an upper barrier layer, and acontact layer. The device further includes a metal layer deposited onthe contact layer, and a gate trench through the metal layer, therebydefining source and drain contacts directly at respective sides of thegate trench, wherein the gate trench stops in one of the upper barrierlayer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer. The device furtherincludes a spacer layer on sides of the gate trench, gate metal in thegate trench for a gate electrode, and a high-k gate dielectric layerbetween the gate electrode and the quantum well structure. In oneparticular case, at least one of the source contact, drain contact, andgate electrode comprise a refractory metal. In another particular case,at least one of the source contact, drain contact, and gate electrodecomprise titanium. In another particular case, the high-k gatedielectric layer is positioned directly between the gate electrode andone of the upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer.

Another example embodiment of the present invention provides anintegrated circuit device. In this example, the device includes aquantum well structure having a contact layer. The device furtherincludes a source metal layer and a drain metal layer deposited on thecontact layer, and a gate electrode embedded within the quantum wellstructure between the source metal layer and the drain metal layer. Thedevice further includes a first spacer layer formed between the gateelectrode and the source metal layer, wherein the gate electrode is inphysical contact with the first spacer layer and the first spacer layeris in physical contact with the source metal layer. The device furtherincludes a second spacer layer formed between the gate electrode and thedrain metal layer, wherein the gate electrode is in physical contactwith the second spacer layer and the second spacer layer is in physicalcontact with the drain metal layer. Note that the first and secondspacer layers can be one continuous spacer layer around the gateelectrode. In one particular case, the quantum well structure furtherincludes a bottom barrier layer, a quantum well layer, a spacer layer, adoping layer, and an upper barrier layer, and the gate electrode stopsin one of the upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacerlayer. In another particular case, a high-k gate dielectric layer isprovided between the gate electrode and the quantum well structure,wherein the high-k gate dielectric layer is positioned directly betweenthe gate electrode and one of the upper barrier layer, the doping layer,or the spacer layer.

The foregoing description of example embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseforms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in lightof this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the invention belimited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claimsappended hereto.

1. A method for forming self-aligned contacts for a quantum wellstructure, comprising: depositing a metal layer on the quantum wellstructure; etching a gate trench through the metal layer, therebydefining source and drain contacts directly at respective sides of thegate trench; depositing a spacer layer on sides of the gate trench; anddepositing gate metal into the gate trench to form a gate electrode. 2.The method of claim 1 further comprising: forming a mesa with thequantum well structure.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein forming a mesawith the quantum well structure comprises: patterning a hardmask on acontact layer of the quantum well structure to protect an active area;etching away unmasked areas of the quantum well structure; anddepositing a dielectric material into etched areas.
 4. The method ofclaim 2 wherein forming a mesa with the quantum well structure isperformed prior to depositing a metal layer on the quantum wellstructure.
 5. The method of claim 2 wherein forming a mesa with thequantum well structure is performed after the gate electrode, sourcecontact, and drain contact are formed.
 6. The method of claim 1 whereindepositing a metal layer on the quantum well structure comprisesdepositing a refractory metal.
 7. The method of claim 1 whereindepositing a metal layer on the quantum well structure comprisesdepositing titanium.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein etching a gatetrench through the metal layer includes a first dry etch to etch themetal layer, and a second dry etch to etch into the quantum wellstructure.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: depositing ahigh-k gate dielectric in base of the gate trench.
 10. A integratedcircuit device, comprising: a quantum well structure having a contactlayer; a metal layer deposited on the contact layer; a gate trenchthrough the metal layer, thereby defining source and drain contactsdirectly at respective sides of the gate trench; a spacer layer on sidesof the gate trench; and gate metal in the gate trench for a gateelectrode.
 11. The device of claim 10 wherein at least one of the sourcecontact, drain contact, and gate electrode comprise a refractory metal.12. The device of claim 10 wherein at least one of the source contact,drain contact, and gate electrode comprise titanium.
 13. The device ofclaim 10 wherein the quantum well structure further includes a bottombarrier layer, a quantum well layer, a spacer layer, a doping layer, andan upper barrier layer.
 14. The device of claim 13 wherein the gatetrench stops in one of the upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or thespacer layer.
 15. The device of claim 13 further comprising: a high-kgate dielectric layer between the gate electrode and the quantum wellstructure.
 16. The device of claim 14 wherein the high-k gate dielectriclayer is positioned directly between the gate electrode and one of theupper barrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer.
 17. Aintegrated circuit device, comprising: a quantum well structure having abottom barrier layer, a quantum well layer, a spacer layer, a dopinglayer, an upper barrier layer, and a contact layer; a metal layerdeposited on the contact layer; a gate trench through the metal layer,thereby defining source and drain contacts directly at respective sidesof the gate trench, wherein the gate trench stops in one of the upperbarrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer; a spacer layer onsides of the gate trench; gate metal in the gate trench for a gateelectrode; and a high-k gate dielectric layer between the gate electrodeand the quantum well structure.
 18. The device of claim 17 wherein atleast one of the source contact, drain contact, and gate electrodecomprise a refractory metal.
 19. The device of claim 17 wherein at leastone of the source contact, drain contact, and gate electrode comprisetitanium.
 20. The device of claim 17 wherein the high-k gate dielectriclayer is positioned directly between the gate electrode and one of theupper barrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer.
 21. Aintegrated circuit device, comprising: a quantum well structure having acontact layer; a source metal layer and a drain metal layer deposited onthe contact layer; a gate electrode embedded within the quantum wellstructure between the source metal layer and the drain metal layer; afirst spacer layer formed between the gate electrode and the sourcemetal layer, wherein the gate electrode is in physical contact with thefirst spacer layer and the first spacer layer is in physical contactwith the source metal layer; and a second spacer layer formed betweenthe gate electrode and the drain metal layer, wherein the gate electrodeis in physical contact with the second spacer layer and the secondspacer layer is in physical contact with the drain metal layer.
 22. Thedevice of claim 21 wherein the quantum well structure further includes abottom barrier layer, a quantum well layer, a spacer layer, a dopinglayer, and an upper barrier layer, and the gate electrode stops in oneof the upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or the spacer layer. 23.The device of claim 22 further comprising: a high-k gate dielectriclayer between the gate electrode and the quantum well structure, whereinthe high-k gate dielectric layer is positioned directly between the gateelectrode and one of the upper barrier layer, the doping layer, or thespacer layer.